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26考研练习题:考研英语二练习阅读答案及解析分享

Text 4

Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law. The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative democracy. In a direct democracy, citizens take turns governing themselves, rather than electing representatives to govern for them.

But as recently as in 1986, jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals. In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character. Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in jury selection as early as the 1880 case of Strauder v. West Virginia, the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws.

The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th century. Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 1898, it was not until the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty. Even then several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personally asked to have their names included on the jury list. This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the 1960s.

In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act, ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury. This law abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community. In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor vs. Louisiana, the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be representative of all parts of the community to the state level. The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.

21. From the principles of the US jury system, we learn that [A]both liberate and illiterate people can serve on juries [B]defendants are immune from trial by their peers

[C]no age limit should be imposed for jury service [D]judgment should consider the opinion of the public

22. The practice of selecting so-called elite jurors prior to 1968 showed [A]the inadequacy of antidiscrimination laws

[B]the prevalent discrimination against certain races [C]the conflicting ideals in jury selection procedures

[D]the arrogance common among the Supreme Court justices

23. Even in the 1960s, women were seldom on the jury list in some states because [A]they were automatically banned by state laws

[B]they fell far short of the required qualifications [C]they were supposed to perform domestic duties [D]they tended to evade public engagement

24. After the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed.

[A] sex discrimination in jury selection was unconstitutional and had to be abolished

[B] educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federal jurors

[C] jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire community

[D] states ought to conform to the federal court in reforming the jury system

25. In discussing the US jury system, the text centers on

[A] its nature and problems

[B] its characteristics and tradition [C]its problems and their solutions [D]its tradition and development

Text 4

【答案解析】

13. 【答案】D

【解析】文章第一段提到了美国陪审团制度的原则。根据“verdicts should represent the conscience of the community”判决应该代表公众的良知，可知 D 项是原文的同意替换， 所以 D 项为正确答案。A、C 项与原文“all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries”所有具备最低的年龄和读写能力资格的人都有资格担当陪审员，文意矛盾，B 项与原文“defendants are entitled to trial by their peers”被告有权接受同阶审判，文意矛盾，故排除此三项。

14. 【答案】A

【解析】本题可定位到第二段的最后一句话：Although the Supreme Court …, the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws.“虽然美国最高法院……，选拔所谓的精英或一流的陪审团给这种或其他反歧视法提供了方便之路。”习语表达“provided a convenient way around” 是分析本题目的关键，所以 A 项为正确答案。B 项“对某个种族的普遍歧视”，过于宽泛，故为干扰项。C 项原文第二段首句“陪审员遴选程序与民主思想相冲突”，而不是 “陪审员挑选过程中的相互冲突的理念”，所以 C 项说法与原文不符。D 项文中没有提到，属无中生有。

15. 【答案】C

【解析】文章第三段的最后一句“This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home”提到“家庭需要女性的主张给这一情况提供了辩解”，所以 C 项为正确答案。A 项是偷换概念，原文是“Even then several states”而非“states laws”。B、D 两项中文中并未提及属无中生有。

16. 【答案】B

【解析】文章第四段第二句话“This law abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community.”其中的关键表达是“abolished special educational requirements”，与 B 项中的“became less rigid”相近。所以 B 项为正确答案。

17. 【答案】D

【解析】本题考察对中心思想的归纳和概括能力，正确选项的关键在于理解文章四个段落的主要内容和相互联系。文章第一段概括介绍了美国陪审制度的五个原则，第二、三、 四段分别介绍了美国陪审制度的发展，包括陪审员的挑选、女性陪审员地位的变化以及教育和性别要求的变化，因此可以看出，文章主要是介绍美国陪审制度的历史和发展。 所以 D 项为正确答案。A、B 两项中的 nature 和 characteristics 属于首段信息，根据第二段首句的转折词 But 可知它不是文章中的重点因素。C 项有一定的迷惑性，但忽

略了文章中的时间因素 As recently as in 1968(第二段)until the mid-20th century(第三段)和 ushering a new era(尾段)等，所以也不应该选。

【全文翻译】

许多美国人把陪审团制度视为基本民主价值观的具体体现，其包括以下原则：所有符合最低年龄和受教育程度资格要求的公民都具备平等的资格担当陪审员;陪审员应随机地从代表社会各个阶层的人中选拔;不应该因种族、宗教、性别、或民族血统等原因而剥夺任何公民担当陪审员的权利;被告有权接受同等地位人的审判;判决应能代表公众的良知而不仅仅是法律条文的字面意思。陪审制度也是一直现存的最好的直接民主而不是代表民主的例子。 在直接民主中，公民可以轮流自治，而不是选举代表替他们执政。

但是直到 1968 年，陪审团选拔程序仍然与这些民主理想相冲突。例如，在某些州，陪审员职务只限定在一些智力、教育和道德品质都很优秀的人身上。尽管美国的最高法院已经 早在 1880 年的 Strauder v. West Virginia 一案中就禁止在陪审员选拔中出现故意的种族歧视，但选拔所谓的精英或蓝带的陪审团却给绕开这种或其他反歧视法提供了一条捷径。

直到 20 世纪中叶，这项制度才开始定期地将女性吸纳到陪审团中来。尽管在犹他州，

女性已于 1898 年第一次在州陪审团中担当陪审员，但直到 20 世纪 40 年代，大多数州的女性才有资格当选陪审员。即使在那时，有些州也会自动免除女性在陪审团的职责，除非她们亲自要求把她们的名字加入到陪审员的名单中。这种做法的解释是，家里需要女性，于是， 陪审团没有女性代表的状况在整个二十世纪六十年代都在持续。

1968 年，美国国会通过了《陪审团遴选和服务法案》，开创了陪审团体制民主改革的新时代。该法案废除了对联邦陪审员的特殊教育要求，规定必须从整个社会的各阶层成员中随 机挑选。1975 年 Taylor v. Louisiana 案件的裁决是一座里程碑，根据该裁决，最高法院把陪审团成员应该代表社会的各个阶层这一要求延伸到州的级别。泰勒案的裁决还将在遴选陪 审团成员过程中的性别歧视宣布为违反宪法，并命令各州在遴选男女陪审员时须使用同样的 程序。

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